These plants primarily affect perception, mood, and cognition by modulating serotonin (5-HT2A) receptors, or other ways. Lets go!
Ayahuasca is a traditional psychoactive brew originating from the Amazon basin, made by combining the vine Banisteriopsis caapi and the leaves of Psychotria viridis. It has been used for centuries by Indigenous peoples in shamanic and spiritual practices. The brew is known for its powerful psychoactive effects, which are primarily due to the combination of active compounds from these plants.
Psychotria viridis contains dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogenic compound. However, DMT is typically inactive when ingested orally because it is rapidly broken down in the stomach and liver by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO). This is where Banisteriopsis caapi comes into play. The vine contains beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, which act as reversible MAO inhibitors. These compounds temporarily block the breakdown of DMT, allowing it to become bioavailable and cross the blood-brain barrier, where it exerts its psychoactive effects.
Diplopterys cabrerana
Diplopterys cabrerana, often referred to as chaliponga or chacruna in certain regions, is a perennial vine native to the Amazon rainforest, particularly in countries like Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. This plant is well known for its psychoactive properties, which are primarily due to its high content of DMT. Diplopterys cabrerana is closely related to other DMT-rich plants, such as Psychotria viridis, and is commonly used in the preparation of ayahuasca.
Chacruna (Psychotria viridis)
Chacruna, or Psychotria viridis, is a shrub native to the Amazon rainforest and other parts of South and Central America. It is one of the plants used in the preparation of ayahuasca. Chacruna is psychoactive because its leaves contain high levels of DMT.
Ayahuasca is classified as a serotonergic psychedelic because its effects are mediated by the stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the brain. When DMT interacts with these receptors, it induces profound alterations in perception, cognition, and emotion. Users often report intense visual and auditory experiences, a sense of connection to the universe or nature, vivid visions, and deep introspective insights. These effects typically last four to six hours and are often accompanied by physical symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which are considered part of the cleansing process in traditional contexts.
On the positive side, Ayahuasca has been shown to have therapeutic potential. Many users report long-lasting psychological benefits, including reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It is thought to facilitate emotional processing, self-reflection, and spiritual growth. Preliminary studies suggest that it may also promote neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and form new neural connections. For this reason, Ayahuasca has gained attention in psychotherapy and is being studied in clinical settings for its ability to help people recover from trauma and addiction.
However, there are risks and challenges associated with its use. The intense psychological effects can be overwhelming or distressing, especially for individuals with preexisting mental health conditions such as psychosis. The physical side effects, including purging, can be uncomfortable and potentially dangerous for people with certain medical conditions. Additionally, Ayahuasca can interact negatively with some medications, particularly antidepressants like SSRIs, which also affect serotonin levels. This combination can lead to serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. Furthermore, the brew should only be consumed in a safe, controlled setting under the guidance of an experienced facilitator or shaman, as improper use can lead to psychological or physical harm.
Ayahuasca is native to the Amazon rainforest and grows in countries like Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Its use is legal or tolerated in some regions for religious or ceremonial purposes, but it remains a controlled substance in many parts of the world due to the presence of DMT
Virola trees, belonging to the genus Virola, are tropical trees native to regions of Central and South America, particularly in the Amazon rainforest. These trees have been traditionally used by indigenous peoples, primarily for their psychoactive properties. The psychoactive effects of Virola are primarily attributed to the presence of tryptamines, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-hydroxy-DMT (bufotenine), which are found in the resin or bark of certain Virola species.
The psychoactivity of Virola is most commonly experienced when its resin is processed and used as a snuff, known as yopo or epena, by indigenous groups. These snuffs are prepared by mixing the resin with ash or other alkaline substances to make the psychoactive compounds bioavailable when insufflated. The active tryptamines are potent serotonin receptor agonists, particularly affecting the 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. This interaction is responsible for the altered states of perception, intense visual and auditory hallucinations, and shifts in consciousness often associated with Virola preparations.
The effects of Virola-derived psychoactives are rapid in onset and typically last for a short duration, especially when used as a snuff. Users report vivid visions, a sense of transcendence, and profound emotional and spiritual experiences. These qualities have made Virola an integral part of shamanic rituals and spiritual practices among indigenous tribes, where it is often used for divination, healing, and connecting with spiritual realms.
The use of Virola also has potential drawbacks. The experience can be overwhelming, especially for individuals unprepared for its intensity. Nausea, anxiety, and disorientation are common side effects, particularly at higher doses. Additionally, its use outside of traditional or ceremonial contexts can be psychologically destabilizing. The improper preparation of snuffs can also lead to physical discomfort or harm.
Virola trees thrive in tropical rainforests, growing in warm, humid environments with rich soil. They are commonly found in countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru. The trees themselves are relatively tall, with glossy leaves and a reddish resin that oozes when the bark is wounded.
Anadenanthera colubrina, commonly known as cebil or vilca, and Anadenanthera peregrina, known as yopo, are trees native to South America and the Caribbean. These trees are psychoactive because their seeds contain potent hallucinogenic compounds, primarily bufotenine (5-hydroxy-DMT) and to a lesser extent N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-MeO-DMT. These compounds are responsible for the intense psychedelic effects when the seeds are processed and used in traditional preparations, often as snuff powders.
The psychoactivity of these seeds comes from their ability to interact with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. Bufotenine and other tryptamines are serotonergic psychedelics, meaning they alter perception, cognition, and mood by amplifying serotonin signaling. When used as a snuff, typically by grinding and mixing the roasted seeds with alkaline substances like lime or ash, the active compounds are absorbed through the nasal mucosa, leading to rapid onset of effects. These effects often include vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, a sense of dissociation, spiritual or mystical experiences, and emotional intensity. The effects are typically short-lived, lasting around 30 minutes to an hour, though the experience can feel subjectively longer.
Both cebil and yopo seeds are often used for divination, healing, and communication with spiritual realms. The use of yopo, in particular, is associated with the Yanomami and other tribes of the Amazon basin. Shamans traditionally administer the snuff through long pipes blown forcefully into the nostrils of participants, a practice that is often described as physically intense and uncomfortable.
In traditional contexts, they are valued for their ability to induce profound spiritual insights, facilitate emotional healing, and provide a sense of connection to the cosmos. However, the experience can be physically and psychologically demanding. Side effects often include intense nasal burning, coughing, nausea, vomiting, and disorientation. The hallucinations can be overwhelming or frightening, especially for individuals unprepared for the intensity of the experience. In rare cases, bufotenine can cause cardiovascular effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, which may be dangerous for individuals with preexisting conditions.
Anadenanthera colubrina is widespread in arid and semi-arid regions of South America, including parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. It thrives in savannahs and dry forests. Anadenanthera peregrina, on the other hand, is native to the Caribbean and northern parts of South America, including Venezuela, Colombia, and parts of the Amazon basin, and grows in tropical and subtropical climates.
Peyote, or Lophophora williamsii, is a small, spineless cactus native to the arid regions of North and Central America, particularly in parts of Mexico and the southwestern United States, such as Texas. It is most commonly found growing in desert scrublands, limestone-rich soils, and rocky terrain. Peyote is psychoactive due to its high content of mescaline, a naturally occurring hallucinogen that profoundly alters perception, mood, and thought processes.
Mescaline is classified as a phenethylamine and produces its effects by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, especially the 5-HT2A receptor. This interaction leads to alterations in sensory perception, cognition, and emotions, resulting in vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, shifts in time perception, and intense introspective or spiritual experiences. The effects usually begin within one to two hours after ingestion and can last for 8 to 12 hours, depending on the dose and individual sensitivity.
Peyote has been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples in spiritual and medicinal ceremonies. It holds significant cultural and religious importance, particularly among Native American tribes, who use it as a sacrament in their rituals to promote healing, divine insight, and communion with the spiritual realm. Its effects are often described as profoundly mystical, offering users a sense of interconnectedness, heightened awareness, and emotional catharsis. Therapeutically, mescaline and peyote are being studied for their potential to alleviate depression, anxiety, and addiction, as well as to promote psychological well-being.
Despite its potential benefits, peyote use has notable drawbacks. The experience can be extremely intense and unpredictable, leading to anxiety, fear, or confusion, especially in individuals who are unprepared for the effects or are in an unsupportive environment. Physical side effects often include nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, and sweating, which can be unpleasant but are generally not harmful. Peyote’s slow growth and overharvesting for recreational and ceremonial use also pose serious conservation concerns. The cactus takes years to mature, and its populations are increasingly threatened by habitat destruction and unsustainable harvesting practices.
Peyote grows in desert climates with well-drained, alkaline soils, often in association with other xerophytic plants like agave and creosote bush. Its small, button-like appearance helps it retain water and survive harsh conditions. Traditionally, the "buttons" of the cactus, which are the above-ground portions, are harvested and consumed either fresh, dried, or brewed into a tea.
San Pedro cactus, or Echinopsis pachanoi, is a fast-growing, columnar cactus native to the Andean regions of South America, particularly in countries like Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chile. It thrives in altitudes between 2,000 and 3,000 meters in a variety of conditions, from arid environments to wetter highlands. This cactus has been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples in shamanic rituals for healing, divination, and spiritual exploration.
The psychoactivity of San Pedro is due to its high content of mescaline. It produces effects by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, primarily the 5-HT2A receptor. The effects of San Pedro typically begin within one to two hours after consumption and can last for 8 to 12 hours. Users often experience vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, heightened sensory awareness, time distortion, and profound emotional or spiritual insights.
San Pedro has a long history of use in Andean cultures, where it is referred to as huachuma. Shamans traditionally prepare the cactus by slicing and boiling its green outer flesh into a bitter tea, which is consumed in ceremonies designed to promote healing, spiritual connection, and self-discovery. Participants often report feelings of unity with nature, deep introspection, emotional release, and a sense of connection to higher powers or spiritual dimensions. In modern contexts, San Pedro is also being explored for its potential to treat mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and addiction.
There are also drawbacks and risks. The experience can be intense and unpredictable, particularly for individuals unprepared for the altered states of consciousness it induces. Negative experiences, such as anxiety, fear, or overwhelming emotions, can arise, especially in unsupportive settings or if the user has unresolved trauma. Physical side effects like nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, and sweating are common during the early stages of the experience and are considered part of a purging process in traditional contexts.
San Pedro is more sustainable than peyote because it grows rapidly and is relatively easy to cultivate. It is commonly grown in gardens and farms in its native regions and beyond, making it widely available for both traditional and modern uses.
San Pedro is a hardy plant that grows well in various climates, preferring well-drained soils and plenty of sunlight. It can thrive in both arid and semi-arid environments, which has allowed it to spread to other regions outside of its native Andes.
Morning glories, specifically species like Ipomoea tricolor and Rivea corymbosa, are flowering plants native to Central and South America that have been used for centuries in traditional rituals by indigenous peoples, particularly in Mexico. They are psychoactive due to the presence of lysergic acid amide (LSA), a naturally occurring compound chemically related to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). LSA, also known as ergine, is found in the seeds of these plants and is responsible for their hallucinogenic effects.
LSA is classified as a serotonergic psychedelic because it interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. This receptor activity alters perception, mood, and cognition, leading to experiences that can include visual and auditory distortions, altered sense of time, heightened introspection, and feelings of euphoria or connection to the natural world. The psychoactive effects of morning glory seeds typically last between 6 and 10 hours, beginning within one to two hours after ingestion.
In traditional settings, such as among the Mazatec people of Mexico, the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, known locally as ololiuhqui, are used in spiritual ceremonies for divination, healing, and communication with deities. The seeds are often ground into a paste or steeped in water to create a drinkable preparation. These rituals are highly structured and imbued with spiritual meaning, aimed at guiding participants through their altered states of consciousness.
In modern contexts, morning glory seeds are sometimes consumed recreationally, though their effects are generally considered milder and less predictable than synthetic psychedelics like LSD. While the experience can be profound and introspective, it is not without risks. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, drowsiness, and dizziness. The seeds also contain naturally occurring compounds that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the physical discomfort often associated with their use. Additionally, consuming commercial seeds treated with pesticides or coatings to deter ingestion can lead to toxicity and adverse reactions.
Morning glories are hardy plants that thrive in a variety of climates, favoring warm, sunny environments with well-drained soils. They are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants due to their vibrant, trumpet-shaped flowers, which come in a range of colors including blue, purple, and white. Ipomoea tricolor, in particular, is widely grown in gardens around the world, while Rivea corymbosa is more commonly found in its native tropical and subtropical habitats.
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose, or Argyreia nervosa, is a perennial climbing vine native to the Indian subcontinent but widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions, including Hawaii, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa. It is psychoactive because its seeds contain LSA.
LSA, as we know, acts as a serotonergic psychedelic by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. This interaction produces changes in perception, mood, and cognition, leading to effects such as visual and auditory distortions, emotional shifts, heightened introspection, and altered perception of time. The psychoactive effects usually begin within 1 to 2 hours after ingestion and last for 6 to 10 hours. While LSA’s effects are milder and less visually intense than LSD, it still has the potential to produce profound and meaningful experiences, including feelings of euphoria, connection to nature, and deep introspection.
In traditional settings, the seeds of Hawaiian Baby Woodrose have been used in Ayurvedic medicine for their therapeutic properties, though not specifically for their psychoactive effects. They are considered to have adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in preparations to treat stress, inflammation, and various ailments. However, their hallucinogenic use is primarily associated with modern, recreational contexts, where users consume the seeds either by chewing them, grinding them into a powder, or soaking them in water to extract the active compounds.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, dizziness, and drowsiness, which are likely due to other alkaloids in the seeds that can irritate the gastrointestinal system. The physical discomfort often overshadows the psychedelic effects, especially at higher doses. Additionally, the experience can be psychologically challenging, leading to anxiety, paranoia, or confusion, particularly if the user is in an unsupportive environment or unprepared for the altered state of consciousness.
Another significant concern is the potential for toxicity from treated seeds. Seeds sold for ornamental purposes are often coated with pesticides or other chemicals to discourage consumption, and ingesting treated seeds can cause severe adverse reactions. It is crucial for individuals to source untreated, chemical-free seeds if they intend to use them.
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose thrives in warm, tropical climates and is valued as an ornamental plant due to its large, heart-shaped leaves and trumpet-shaped flowers, which range in color from lavender to pink. The plant is a vigorous climber, capable of covering large areas, and is commonly used in gardens and landscaping for its aesthetic appeal.
Heimia salicifolia, commonly known as sinicuichi, is a flowering plant native to the Americas, particularly in regions of Mexico, Central America, and South America. It grows in warm, sunny environments, often near water sources such as rivers and streams. Sinicuichi has a history of traditional use among indigenous peoples, who prepared it as a fermented tea for its psychoactive effects and medicinal properties.
Sinicuichi is psychoactive due to a variety of alkaloids present in its leaves, such as cryogenine (vertine), lythrine, and heimidine. These compounds are believed to affect the central nervous system, although their exact mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Cryogenine has been suggested to act as a mild sedative and muscle relaxant, and it may influence neurotransmitter systems involved in relaxation and altered perception. The plant’s psychoactivity is not hallucinogenic in the typical sense but is instead characterized by dreamlike or euphoric states, often accompanied by auditory distortions.
The psychoactive effects of sinicuichi are typically mild and include feelings of relaxation, euphoria, and mental clarity. One unique feature often reported is an alteration in auditory perception, described as a "distant echoing" effect that gives sounds a reverberating quality. Traditional users associated these effects with accessing memories or spiritual insights, and sinicuichi was sometimes referred to as the "sun opener" because it was thought to enhance connection with the sun or induce visions during rituals.
Sinicuichi has potential therapeutic applications due to its sedative and anxiolytic effects, which may promote relaxation and reduce stress. It has also been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and remedy for muscle pain and gastrointestinal issues. However, its psychoactive effects and potential medicinal benefits remain poorly studied in modern scientific contexts.
Some users report physical side effects such as dizziness, nausea, muscle weakness, and mild discomfort during or after consumption. There are anecdotal reports of memory impairment or cognitive fog following its use, although these effects are temporary. Because sinicuichi’s active compounds have not been extensively studied, there is limited information on its long-term safety or potential toxic effects.
Sinicuichi is a hardy plant that thrives in subtropical and tropical climates. It grows as a shrub with slender leaves and small yellow flowers, often cultivated for its traditional uses and ornamental value. The leaves are typically harvested and dried, then brewed into a tea or fermented with water to enhance its psychoactive properties.
It seems I've managed to list the main plants of this type of action. I will update this topic with new posts titled "ADDITION" if I come across new examples.
If you're interested in such publications, please react and leave comments.
Tryptamine-based Psychedelics
Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi + Psychotria viridis, etc.)
Ayahuasca is a traditional psychoactive brew originating from the Amazon basin, made by combining the vine Banisteriopsis caapi and the leaves of Psychotria viridis. It has been used for centuries by Indigenous peoples in shamanic and spiritual practices. The brew is known for its powerful psychoactive effects, which are primarily due to the combination of active compounds from these plants.
Psychotria viridis contains dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogenic compound. However, DMT is typically inactive when ingested orally because it is rapidly broken down in the stomach and liver by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO). This is where Banisteriopsis caapi comes into play. The vine contains beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, which act as reversible MAO inhibitors. These compounds temporarily block the breakdown of DMT, allowing it to become bioavailable and cross the blood-brain barrier, where it exerts its psychoactive effects.
Diplopterys cabrerana
Diplopterys cabrerana, often referred to as chaliponga or chacruna in certain regions, is a perennial vine native to the Amazon rainforest, particularly in countries like Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. This plant is well known for its psychoactive properties, which are primarily due to its high content of DMT. Diplopterys cabrerana is closely related to other DMT-rich plants, such as Psychotria viridis, and is commonly used in the preparation of ayahuasca.
Chacruna (Psychotria viridis)
Chacruna, or Psychotria viridis, is a shrub native to the Amazon rainforest and other parts of South and Central America. It is one of the plants used in the preparation of ayahuasca. Chacruna is psychoactive because its leaves contain high levels of DMT.
Ayahuasca is classified as a serotonergic psychedelic because its effects are mediated by the stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the brain. When DMT interacts with these receptors, it induces profound alterations in perception, cognition, and emotion. Users often report intense visual and auditory experiences, a sense of connection to the universe or nature, vivid visions, and deep introspective insights. These effects typically last four to six hours and are often accompanied by physical symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which are considered part of the cleansing process in traditional contexts.
On the positive side, Ayahuasca has been shown to have therapeutic potential. Many users report long-lasting psychological benefits, including reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It is thought to facilitate emotional processing, self-reflection, and spiritual growth. Preliminary studies suggest that it may also promote neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and form new neural connections. For this reason, Ayahuasca has gained attention in psychotherapy and is being studied in clinical settings for its ability to help people recover from trauma and addiction.
However, there are risks and challenges associated with its use. The intense psychological effects can be overwhelming or distressing, especially for individuals with preexisting mental health conditions such as psychosis. The physical side effects, including purging, can be uncomfortable and potentially dangerous for people with certain medical conditions. Additionally, Ayahuasca can interact negatively with some medications, particularly antidepressants like SSRIs, which also affect serotonin levels. This combination can lead to serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. Furthermore, the brew should only be consumed in a safe, controlled setting under the guidance of an experienced facilitator or shaman, as improper use can lead to psychological or physical harm.
Ayahuasca is native to the Amazon rainforest and grows in countries like Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Its use is legal or tolerated in some regions for religious or ceremonial purposes, but it remains a controlled substance in many parts of the world due to the presence of DMT
Virola trees (Virola spp.)
Virola trees, belonging to the genus Virola, are tropical trees native to regions of Central and South America, particularly in the Amazon rainforest. These trees have been traditionally used by indigenous peoples, primarily for their psychoactive properties. The psychoactive effects of Virola are primarily attributed to the presence of tryptamines, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-hydroxy-DMT (bufotenine), which are found in the resin or bark of certain Virola species.
The psychoactivity of Virola is most commonly experienced when its resin is processed and used as a snuff, known as yopo or epena, by indigenous groups. These snuffs are prepared by mixing the resin with ash or other alkaline substances to make the psychoactive compounds bioavailable when insufflated. The active tryptamines are potent serotonin receptor agonists, particularly affecting the 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. This interaction is responsible for the altered states of perception, intense visual and auditory hallucinations, and shifts in consciousness often associated with Virola preparations.
The effects of Virola-derived psychoactives are rapid in onset and typically last for a short duration, especially when used as a snuff. Users report vivid visions, a sense of transcendence, and profound emotional and spiritual experiences. These qualities have made Virola an integral part of shamanic rituals and spiritual practices among indigenous tribes, where it is often used for divination, healing, and connecting with spiritual realms.
The use of Virola also has potential drawbacks. The experience can be overwhelming, especially for individuals unprepared for its intensity. Nausea, anxiety, and disorientation are common side effects, particularly at higher doses. Additionally, its use outside of traditional or ceremonial contexts can be psychologically destabilizing. The improper preparation of snuffs can also lead to physical discomfort or harm.
Virola trees thrive in tropical rainforests, growing in warm, humid environments with rich soil. They are commonly found in countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru. The trees themselves are relatively tall, with glossy leaves and a reddish resin that oozes when the bark is wounded.
Anadenanthera colubrina (Cebil or Vilca) and Anadenanthera peregrina (Yopo)
Anadenanthera colubrina, commonly known as cebil or vilca, and Anadenanthera peregrina, known as yopo, are trees native to South America and the Caribbean. These trees are psychoactive because their seeds contain potent hallucinogenic compounds, primarily bufotenine (5-hydroxy-DMT) and to a lesser extent N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-MeO-DMT. These compounds are responsible for the intense psychedelic effects when the seeds are processed and used in traditional preparations, often as snuff powders.
The psychoactivity of these seeds comes from their ability to interact with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. Bufotenine and other tryptamines are serotonergic psychedelics, meaning they alter perception, cognition, and mood by amplifying serotonin signaling. When used as a snuff, typically by grinding and mixing the roasted seeds with alkaline substances like lime or ash, the active compounds are absorbed through the nasal mucosa, leading to rapid onset of effects. These effects often include vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, a sense of dissociation, spiritual or mystical experiences, and emotional intensity. The effects are typically short-lived, lasting around 30 minutes to an hour, though the experience can feel subjectively longer.
Both cebil and yopo seeds are often used for divination, healing, and communication with spiritual realms. The use of yopo, in particular, is associated with the Yanomami and other tribes of the Amazon basin. Shamans traditionally administer the snuff through long pipes blown forcefully into the nostrils of participants, a practice that is often described as physically intense and uncomfortable.
In traditional contexts, they are valued for their ability to induce profound spiritual insights, facilitate emotional healing, and provide a sense of connection to the cosmos. However, the experience can be physically and psychologically demanding. Side effects often include intense nasal burning, coughing, nausea, vomiting, and disorientation. The hallucinations can be overwhelming or frightening, especially for individuals unprepared for the intensity of the experience. In rare cases, bufotenine can cause cardiovascular effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, which may be dangerous for individuals with preexisting conditions.
Anadenanthera colubrina is widespread in arid and semi-arid regions of South America, including parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. It thrives in savannahs and dry forests. Anadenanthera peregrina, on the other hand, is native to the Caribbean and northern parts of South America, including Venezuela, Colombia, and parts of the Amazon basin, and grows in tropical and subtropical climates.
Phenethylamine-based Psychedelics
Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii)
Peyote, or Lophophora williamsii, is a small, spineless cactus native to the arid regions of North and Central America, particularly in parts of Mexico and the southwestern United States, such as Texas. It is most commonly found growing in desert scrublands, limestone-rich soils, and rocky terrain. Peyote is psychoactive due to its high content of mescaline, a naturally occurring hallucinogen that profoundly alters perception, mood, and thought processes.
Mescaline is classified as a phenethylamine and produces its effects by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, especially the 5-HT2A receptor. This interaction leads to alterations in sensory perception, cognition, and emotions, resulting in vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, shifts in time perception, and intense introspective or spiritual experiences. The effects usually begin within one to two hours after ingestion and can last for 8 to 12 hours, depending on the dose and individual sensitivity.
Peyote has been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples in spiritual and medicinal ceremonies. It holds significant cultural and religious importance, particularly among Native American tribes, who use it as a sacrament in their rituals to promote healing, divine insight, and communion with the spiritual realm. Its effects are often described as profoundly mystical, offering users a sense of interconnectedness, heightened awareness, and emotional catharsis. Therapeutically, mescaline and peyote are being studied for their potential to alleviate depression, anxiety, and addiction, as well as to promote psychological well-being.
Despite its potential benefits, peyote use has notable drawbacks. The experience can be extremely intense and unpredictable, leading to anxiety, fear, or confusion, especially in individuals who are unprepared for the effects or are in an unsupportive environment. Physical side effects often include nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, and sweating, which can be unpleasant but are generally not harmful. Peyote’s slow growth and overharvesting for recreational and ceremonial use also pose serious conservation concerns. The cactus takes years to mature, and its populations are increasingly threatened by habitat destruction and unsustainable harvesting practices.
Peyote grows in desert climates with well-drained, alkaline soils, often in association with other xerophytic plants like agave and creosote bush. Its small, button-like appearance helps it retain water and survive harsh conditions. Traditionally, the "buttons" of the cactus, which are the above-ground portions, are harvested and consumed either fresh, dried, or brewed into a tea.
San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi)
San Pedro cactus, or Echinopsis pachanoi, is a fast-growing, columnar cactus native to the Andean regions of South America, particularly in countries like Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chile. It thrives in altitudes between 2,000 and 3,000 meters in a variety of conditions, from arid environments to wetter highlands. This cactus has been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples in shamanic rituals for healing, divination, and spiritual exploration.
The psychoactivity of San Pedro is due to its high content of mescaline. It produces effects by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain, primarily the 5-HT2A receptor. The effects of San Pedro typically begin within one to two hours after consumption and can last for 8 to 12 hours. Users often experience vivid visual and auditory hallucinations, heightened sensory awareness, time distortion, and profound emotional or spiritual insights.
San Pedro has a long history of use in Andean cultures, where it is referred to as huachuma. Shamans traditionally prepare the cactus by slicing and boiling its green outer flesh into a bitter tea, which is consumed in ceremonies designed to promote healing, spiritual connection, and self-discovery. Participants often report feelings of unity with nature, deep introspection, emotional release, and a sense of connection to higher powers or spiritual dimensions. In modern contexts, San Pedro is also being explored for its potential to treat mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and addiction.
There are also drawbacks and risks. The experience can be intense and unpredictable, particularly for individuals unprepared for the altered states of consciousness it induces. Negative experiences, such as anxiety, fear, or overwhelming emotions, can arise, especially in unsupportive settings or if the user has unresolved trauma. Physical side effects like nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, and sweating are common during the early stages of the experience and are considered part of a purging process in traditional contexts.
San Pedro is more sustainable than peyote because it grows rapidly and is relatively easy to cultivate. It is commonly grown in gardens and farms in its native regions and beyond, making it widely available for both traditional and modern uses.
San Pedro is a hardy plant that grows well in various climates, preferring well-drained soils and plenty of sunlight. It can thrive in both arid and semi-arid environments, which has allowed it to spread to other regions outside of its native Andes.
Lysergamide-like Psychedelics
Morning glories (Ipomoea tricolor, Rivea corymbosa)
Morning glories, specifically species like Ipomoea tricolor and Rivea corymbosa, are flowering plants native to Central and South America that have been used for centuries in traditional rituals by indigenous peoples, particularly in Mexico. They are psychoactive due to the presence of lysergic acid amide (LSA), a naturally occurring compound chemically related to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). LSA, also known as ergine, is found in the seeds of these plants and is responsible for their hallucinogenic effects.
LSA is classified as a serotonergic psychedelic because it interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. This receptor activity alters perception, mood, and cognition, leading to experiences that can include visual and auditory distortions, altered sense of time, heightened introspection, and feelings of euphoria or connection to the natural world. The psychoactive effects of morning glory seeds typically last between 6 and 10 hours, beginning within one to two hours after ingestion.
In traditional settings, such as among the Mazatec people of Mexico, the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, known locally as ololiuhqui, are used in spiritual ceremonies for divination, healing, and communication with deities. The seeds are often ground into a paste or steeped in water to create a drinkable preparation. These rituals are highly structured and imbued with spiritual meaning, aimed at guiding participants through their altered states of consciousness.
In modern contexts, morning glory seeds are sometimes consumed recreationally, though their effects are generally considered milder and less predictable than synthetic psychedelics like LSD. While the experience can be profound and introspective, it is not without risks. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, drowsiness, and dizziness. The seeds also contain naturally occurring compounds that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the physical discomfort often associated with their use. Additionally, consuming commercial seeds treated with pesticides or coatings to deter ingestion can lead to toxicity and adverse reactions.
Morning glories are hardy plants that thrive in a variety of climates, favoring warm, sunny environments with well-drained soils. They are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants due to their vibrant, trumpet-shaped flowers, which come in a range of colors including blue, purple, and white. Ipomoea tricolor, in particular, is widely grown in gardens around the world, while Rivea corymbosa is more commonly found in its native tropical and subtropical habitats.
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (Argyreia nervosa)
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose, or Argyreia nervosa, is a perennial climbing vine native to the Indian subcontinent but widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions, including Hawaii, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa. It is psychoactive because its seeds contain LSA.
LSA, as we know, acts as a serotonergic psychedelic by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor. This interaction produces changes in perception, mood, and cognition, leading to effects such as visual and auditory distortions, emotional shifts, heightened introspection, and altered perception of time. The psychoactive effects usually begin within 1 to 2 hours after ingestion and last for 6 to 10 hours. While LSA’s effects are milder and less visually intense than LSD, it still has the potential to produce profound and meaningful experiences, including feelings of euphoria, connection to nature, and deep introspection.
In traditional settings, the seeds of Hawaiian Baby Woodrose have been used in Ayurvedic medicine for their therapeutic properties, though not specifically for their psychoactive effects. They are considered to have adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in preparations to treat stress, inflammation, and various ailments. However, their hallucinogenic use is primarily associated with modern, recreational contexts, where users consume the seeds either by chewing them, grinding them into a powder, or soaking them in water to extract the active compounds.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, dizziness, and drowsiness, which are likely due to other alkaloids in the seeds that can irritate the gastrointestinal system. The physical discomfort often overshadows the psychedelic effects, especially at higher doses. Additionally, the experience can be psychologically challenging, leading to anxiety, paranoia, or confusion, particularly if the user is in an unsupportive environment or unprepared for the altered state of consciousness.
Another significant concern is the potential for toxicity from treated seeds. Seeds sold for ornamental purposes are often coated with pesticides or other chemicals to discourage consumption, and ingesting treated seeds can cause severe adverse reactions. It is crucial for individuals to source untreated, chemical-free seeds if they intend to use them.
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose thrives in warm, tropical climates and is valued as an ornamental plant due to its large, heart-shaped leaves and trumpet-shaped flowers, which range in color from lavender to pink. The plant is a vigorous climber, capable of covering large areas, and is commonly used in gardens and landscaping for its aesthetic appeal.
Alkaloids-based Psychedelics
Heimia salicifolia (Sinicuichi)
Heimia salicifolia, commonly known as sinicuichi, is a flowering plant native to the Americas, particularly in regions of Mexico, Central America, and South America. It grows in warm, sunny environments, often near water sources such as rivers and streams. Sinicuichi has a history of traditional use among indigenous peoples, who prepared it as a fermented tea for its psychoactive effects and medicinal properties.
Sinicuichi is psychoactive due to a variety of alkaloids present in its leaves, such as cryogenine (vertine), lythrine, and heimidine. These compounds are believed to affect the central nervous system, although their exact mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Cryogenine has been suggested to act as a mild sedative and muscle relaxant, and it may influence neurotransmitter systems involved in relaxation and altered perception. The plant’s psychoactivity is not hallucinogenic in the typical sense but is instead characterized by dreamlike or euphoric states, often accompanied by auditory distortions.
The psychoactive effects of sinicuichi are typically mild and include feelings of relaxation, euphoria, and mental clarity. One unique feature often reported is an alteration in auditory perception, described as a "distant echoing" effect that gives sounds a reverberating quality. Traditional users associated these effects with accessing memories or spiritual insights, and sinicuichi was sometimes referred to as the "sun opener" because it was thought to enhance connection with the sun or induce visions during rituals.
Sinicuichi has potential therapeutic applications due to its sedative and anxiolytic effects, which may promote relaxation and reduce stress. It has also been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and remedy for muscle pain and gastrointestinal issues. However, its psychoactive effects and potential medicinal benefits remain poorly studied in modern scientific contexts.
Some users report physical side effects such as dizziness, nausea, muscle weakness, and mild discomfort during or after consumption. There are anecdotal reports of memory impairment or cognitive fog following its use, although these effects are temporary. Because sinicuichi’s active compounds have not been extensively studied, there is limited information on its long-term safety or potential toxic effects.
Sinicuichi is a hardy plant that thrives in subtropical and tropical climates. It grows as a shrub with slender leaves and small yellow flowers, often cultivated for its traditional uses and ornamental value. The leaves are typically harvested and dried, then brewed into a tea or fermented with water to enhance its psychoactive properties.
It seems I've managed to list the main plants of this type of action. I will update this topic with new posts titled "ADDITION" if I come across new examples.
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